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小编: 552由于雅思阅读文章涉及背景范围很广,雅思词汇也没有固定大纲,而考生记忆的单词毕竟有限。所以在雅思阅读中,考生在所难免遇到一些生词,在这里介绍几种生词猜测的线索,希望对同学们的雅思阅读有所帮助。
1.根据定义猜测词义
如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。
例如:
Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 由定义可知,anthropology就是"研究人类的科学"。
In slang the term "jam" constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 同样,从上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是"困境"。
定义句的谓语动词多为:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。
2.根据复述猜测词义
虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细,但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。
同位语Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently。
此例逗号中短语意为"对词意义进行研究的学科"。该短语与前面生词semanties式同位关系,因此我们不难猜出semanties指"语义学"。
在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接,有时也使用破折号,冒号,分号,引号,和括号等。
Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits。
由同位语我们很快猜出生词capacitance词义---电容量。需要注意的是:同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other,say i. e。等副词或短语出现。
定语从句Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder,a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings。
根据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings,我们可以推断出SAD含义,即"季节性情绪紊乱症"。
3.根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索.
例如:
The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were inthe past。
句中"战争"和"重大科学发现"是生词的实例,通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义"重要的",这与其确切含义"划时代的"十分接近。
4.根据进一步阐述猜测词义
虽然进一步阐述不如定义那样严谨、详细,但是提供的信息足以使我们猜出生词的词义。复述部分可以是适当的词,短语或者句子。例如Experts in kinesics, in their study of body motion as related to speech ,hope to discover new methods of communications. 逗号中短语的意思是“对肢体语言进行研究的学科”。短语与前面生词kinesics是同位关系,因此我们不难猜出kinesics指“肢体语言学”。在这种复述当中,构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接,有时也使用破折号,冒号,分号,引号,和括号等。另外同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other等副词或短语出现。
另外一种会以定语从句的形式出现如从句Obesity, which is a medical disorder that affects approximately 20-30% of the population of the United States of America. It is an excessive accumulation of body fat that results from the storage of excess food energy calories in the body's fat cells. 根据生词obesity后面的非限制性定语从句which is a medical disorder that affects approximately 20-30% of the population of the United States of America. It is an excessive accumulation of body fat that results from the storage of excess food energy calories in the body's fat cells. 我们可以推断出obesity的含义,即“过度肥胖”。
5.根据上下文的语境关联猜测词义
例如:Computers have been used for most kinds of crime, including fraud theft, larceny, embezzlement, burglary, sabotage, murder and forgery, since the first cases were reported in 1985. 这句话中有许多生词出现,但通过上文的crime和murder一词,我们可以知道这些生词都是与犯罪有关的词。在考试中,就不必费心去考虑它们的具体意思,知道大概类别即可。再如Goran fears only one service in tennis -- Michael Stichs. His toss is always the same: the straight one or the topspin. Sampras has a good serve and Becker too, but Stichs is the toughest to read.在此例中,Goran不难判断是人名。接下来我们发现大多数词是用于网球运动中的一些专门词汇,我们可以不必理会,而主要关注认识的那些词。这样能够大概理解Goran这个人,害怕某种service, 通过上下文大致可得知这是指网球运动中的一个动作(比如发球、扣球等)。其实,service就是“发球"的意思。从形容词straight可知Stichs发球的特点,而且他是最难预测的一个。这样一来就可以很好地把握文章内容了。
6.根据对比关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。例如:Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. Gregarious, 对许多人来说可能是个生词,但是句中单词unlike可以提示我们Gregarious和后面的词unsociable person是对比关系。分析出这种关系后,我们便能猜出Gregarious意为"爱交际的"。
7.根据常识性线索猜测题义
根据常识性线索是指根据篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识来猜测词义。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如:The cat came quickly through the grass towards the birds ,when it was just a few from the feet from the victim, it gather its legs under itself and pounced.如果pounce是生词,推测该词我们可以凭借我们的常识,我们知道当猫看到鸟时,通常它会先把爪子收起来,然后再突然向小鸟发起进攻。由此可以推断pounce一词的意思是“突然攻击”。
雅思阅读考试的文章以民众题材为主,内容涉及经济、教导、科技、医学、环境、能源、地质、大陆、动物等方面问题,而不涉及专业性很强的文章,免得给不同专业的考生造成上风或劣势;甚至有些知识都是我们日常生活中所懂得的,因而在雅思阅读考试中,考生在拿到标题时可以首先斟酌利用常识是否可以直接找出谜底。
总之,雅思阅读中词汇量的掌握是非常重要的,多看多读,将生活中的英语带入到自己的雅思学习中去,学会融入贯通。考试中遇到生词切莫慌张,根据上述三大方法进行推测,相信会对学生们有所帮助。