2015年3月28日雅思阅读机经考题回忆

——来自环球教育教研中心&环球教育宁波学校

Passage

One

新旧情况

题材

题目

题型

新

历史类

Buttons in Europe

判断题 6个

摘要题 7个

文章大意

近似文章：

      Buttons are as old as clothing. In the Prehistory old cutlers over the complete world buttons have been made of stone, pottery, jade-stone, jet, bone, wood, shell, flint, horn of deer or stag, ivory, bronze, argent and gold. They were used for purely practical reasons or as decoration, because even an ordinary button from bone was a decoration of the garment.

      Buttons of Kings were more luxuously, such as buttons of gold and glass, which were found in the tombs of Mykene and sea cultures around the Mediterranean. There are buttons from the 16th century v.C. Women saw rapidly the importance of this practical object and the possibility to make a little gem. Etrucan, Roman or Gaul, female vanity....

Button History- The Middel Ages

      From the fifth century round fences are known, flat or decorated with geometrical figures. Jewels in gold, argent, mother of pearl and mount crystal. Sometimes decorated with colourful stones. This great pomp and circumstance declined when the first millennium approached: the year 1000 was promised to be the fatal date and the end of humanity. But if nothing spectacular happens, the court and lords promptly forget all doom and penitential of the uncertain times which has been predicted.

      The standard of living restored and the consequence was rich decorated clothing. Gold - and silversmiths manufactured buckles and hooks, pins and brooches in gold and argent. The locksmiths offered fastenings, large or small but in iron, tin and brass.

History of Buttons -The Crusades      

      During the crusades (11th-13th century), the art of making buttons was imported here from the Near East.

      When it became usage to wear clothes narrower around the body, the role of buttons became more important.

      In the thirteenth century it was in to wear closely connecting sleeves from pulse to elbow, both for women and for men. There are drawings known which show a row of small buttons, placed near each other, used as decoration of the sleeve and body. There were also practical reasons to use buttons, because otherwise people had to sew together the sleeves each morning and to release them each evening. There were women who did this because they found buttons too lawless. False modesty, because it was a time when slits in lateral slits in vests, upper dresses and farmer skirts, which show a glimpse of the skin, were popular. According to the church, the gates of hell were opened and buttons were censured for both sexes. Only laces could prevent impropriety of clothing.

History of Buttons- Beginning fourteenth century

      Beginning the fourteenth century, there are women who accentuate their waist. The button manufacturers do good business; up to 38 buttons in front, 20 on each sleeve, one a fold, around the neckline, as a jewel.

      Several artisans made buttons: jewelers, enamel workers, coppersmiths, toy makers, woodworkers. Also rosary makers made cheap buttons from simple materials such as bone and horn.

      In the thirteenth century by Saint Louis decided:

             - horn, bone and ivory were reserved for rosary makers,

             - button manufacturers received the right to copper, brass and simple materials such as bone and horn,

             - goldsmiths got precious metals and glass.

      But this arrangement brought little lightening.

      Simple buttons from wood or iron were covered with a layer of fabric which was braided graceful, a technique that is called passementerie. Damasquinage also, the act of fitting gold or silver wires in iron or steel becomes known. Rhinestone and marble mosaic was appreciated, but gold is number one for buttons and jewellery. The goldsmith is king.

History of Buttons -The Renaissance

      During the Renaissance and the beginning of the sixteenth century, buttons with stones decorated hats, shirts, sleeves and jackets of wealthy gentlemen and ladies. They were small buttons with silver or golden background, artistic edited, often filled with enamel and pearls, diamonds, rubies, emeralds or rock crystal.

      The lower class wore buttons of bone, wood, tin, copper, bronze, leather, dust and possible glass.

      During the fifteenth century, our regions knew a first form of industrial development like for instance 'printing'. The emergence of markets that were organized on the occasion of religious festivities made the buttonmakers sell their wares on a larger scale could.  

History of Buttons-Sixteenth Century

      In the sixteenth century, the technique of enamel a revival. This technique is already knew by the ancient Greeks in the fourteenth century BC, and is pulverized email ( stelae, clear or colored) to melt on a flat surface. We can make this a drawing with thin wire(cloisonné) or by affixing metal oxides color, it was more paint on enamel.

      In the seventeenth century, the buttons on jackets and gentleman coats usually small, numerous an equally decorative and functional, but only for man. They were used for clothing together to make in the way that we now know. Women locked their garments with laces, ribbons in parentheses.

History of Buttons- The Seventeenth Century    

      Until the seventeenth century buttons were real gems. The Scottish Queen Mary Stuart (1562-1568) had a lot of jewel buttons. When she was beheaded in London in 1687, she wore buttons in jet an pearl, designed as small acorns.

      For the collectors, these buttons oldest rarely be found. What still be found, The Dutch silver buttons from the seventeenth century. This has been confirmed by a agate ( a swab trough the eye), as they could for different clothing.

History of Buttons- Last quarter of the 18th century

      From the last quarter of the eighteenth century, large buttons were in fashion. The rage of luxury buttons lasted until about 1815. The following 35 year got the button a more functional and modest role although the quality and unsurpassed craftmanship. Wearing buttons was only for men.

      It changed around 1850.

      As the nineteenth century progressed and during the industrial revolution new materials were invented and mass production was unfolding, the quality deteriorated greatly.

History of Buttons- Japanese influence    

      In 1854, the Japanese ports opened to trade, and we know that in the years to follow a wave of Japanese influences:

      - Satsumas: porcelain with characteristic crackle glaze stippled with gold

      - Japanese lacquer or China lacquer, a natural resin, had a big success

      - Imports of vermilion red.

      - Silver, enamel inlaid with mother- of- pearl in an Oriental motifs

      This effect lasts until 1960.      

History of Buttons- Queen Victoria

      After Louis XIV, the Sun King, no one had a greater impact on the button industry as Queen Victoria of England. After the death of Prince Albert in 1861, she only wore jewelry and buttons in jet, as a sign of mourning. And this for 25 years. Those buttons and jewelry were widely copied in black glass, which is a lot cheaper for the common people. The glass was melted in steel moulds and pressed in many different motives. One can find the same models in metal and stained glass.

History of buttons- Picture buttons    

      It is also the period of the buttons with pictures of opera's, fables, plays, children(Kate Greenaway) birds, flowers....And all this in different sizes.

      At the end of the nineteenth century had silverware a rise in England. Large silver buttons with a large semi-were worn a cape or cloak to be closed. This 'gay nineties' are very sought.  

History of Buttons –Art nouveau/Art Deco

      Also for the buttons from the Art Nouveau (1890 -1920) is widely used silver, in addition, horn, tortoise, enamel and glass. In contrast to the art deco (1910 - 1940) which include glass, plastic and shiny metal were used. 1918 is the limit collectors used to talk about old or modern buttons.

Button History- Modern Buttons

      Of the modern buttons, we can mention that in 1920 the china buttons on the market came in the form in which we still know at this moment.

      Some momentary styles:-1940: transparent glass,

             -1920-1930: imitation of wood (Burswood an Sirocco)

             -1940-1950: Bakelite in colors

             -1950: half ......glass

             -After the second world war: coloured glass,

             -In the sixties: metal combined with plastics      

History of Buttons- Haute Couture

      In the Haute Couture there are some button designers working for the Couturiers. They designed buttons and buckles.

      Some name's of designers are: Jean Clément, Jean Schlumberger, François Hugo, Lucien Weingott, Line Vautrin, Hélène Méchin , Monique Ogier and André Molco etc.

部分答案

1-6判断题

1.      过去人们利用大自然的资源做扣子。——T

2.      扣子起源于法国。——F

3.      法国人从国外引进扣子工匠。——NG

4.      T

5.      F

6.      待补充

7-13摘要题

7.      plastics

8.      待补充

9.      待补充

10.  jet  

11.  待补充

12.  box  

13.  待补充

（答案为考试老师提供，个别顺序与原题不符，仅供参考）

Passage Two

新旧情况

题材

题目

题型

新

自然类

细节配对4个

摘要填空 5个

人名观点配对 4个

文章大意

从自然界当中得到灵感用于人类发展

部分答案

14-17  细节信息包含题

14. D

15. E

16. B  在less rainfall place

17. G

Summary 关于 beetle

18. sun一出现beetle不能喝水

19. Wings 利用它们的翅膀

20. Mouth  水流到它们嘴里

21.

22. Roof   在polished car上

MATCHING

四个科学家的观点配对（Mark/ David/...）

23 D

24 B

25 B

26. A

（答案为考试老师提供，个别顺序与原题不符，仅供参考）

Passage Three

新旧情况

题材

题目

题型

32701

B-32

医学类

The Power of Nothing

细节配对题 6个

单选题 3个

判断题 5个

文章大意

答案

答案

27. D

28. A

29. G

30. B

31. H

32. F

33. A

34. D

35. C

36. FALSE

37. NOT GIVEN

38. TRUE

39. TRUE

40. FALSE