雅思阅读的段落匹配题是许多考生比较头疼的题目之一，其中一点困惑在于信息焦点的寻找，而今天环球教育袁宇坤老师教给大家的是抽象-具体的解题思路，以帮助大家识别题目中的抽象词及其可能的替换。

　　类型1：抽象名词类

　　首先，请大家阅读以下题目，并划出关键词：

　　审题：

　　例题1：examples of wildlife other than bats which do not rely on vision to navigate by

　　关键词示范如下：

　　例题1：examples of wildlife/ other than bats /which/ do not rely on vision /to navigate by

　　信息简化如下：一些动物们——除蝙蝠之外——不依赖视觉。

　　这时候，我们会注意到题目中的抽象表达：一些动物们，这时不妨反向思考以下，段落会出现什么直接细节来满足这一表述？

　　回答：不同的具体动物名字，因为雅思阅读往往考察学生对具体细节的归纳。

　　那么，是否有动物名字的段落就是答案呢？不一定。因为这道题还需要满足“不依赖视力”这一点。

　　而解题策略上，我们重点关注存在不同动物名的段落，在这些段落中再寻找有关“不依赖视力”的表述即可。这样，在一定程度上可减轻考生寻找信息的负担。

　　以下为这道题的对应原文段落：

　　Bats have an engineering problem: how to find their way and find their prey in the absence of light.  Bats are not the only creatures to face this difficulty today.  Obviously the night-flying insects that they prey on must find their way about somehow.  Deep-sea fish and whales have little or no light by day or by night.  Fish and dolphins that live in extremely muddy water cannot see because, although there is light, it is obstructed and scattered by the dirt in the water Plenty of other modern animals make their living in conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible.

　　解析：在第一句中提到了bats-find prey——in the absence of light，即在没有光的情况下，再想深一层，没有光就看不见，也就是不依赖视力（do not rely on vision）。

　　第二句中提到bat are not the only creatures——蝙蝠不是唯一面临此困难（没有光看不见）的动物，暗示了接下来会说其他动物。第三、四、五句分别提及了night-flying insects、deep-sea fish and whales及fish and dolphins的例子，那么我们归纳一下，这些就是examples of wildlife.

　　任务：以下为段落匹配题，请从以下两个段落之中选出一个作为例题2的答案。

　　例题2：the classes of animals for which play is important

　　B.But if play is not simply a developmental hiccup, as biologists once thought, why did it evolve? The latest idea suggests that play has evolved to build big brains. In other words, playing makes you intelligent. Playfulness, it seems, is common only among mammals, although a few of the larger-brained birds also indulge. Animals at play often use unique signs --- tail-wagging in dogs, for example - to indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behaviour is not really in earnest. A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juvenile develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialise as adults. Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life by improving their respiratory endurance. Both these ideas have been questioned in recent years.

　　F.According to Byers, the timing of the playful stage in young animals provides an important clue to what's going on. If you plot the amount of time a juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development, you discover a pattern typically associated with a 'sensitive period' - a brief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in life. Think of the relative ease with which young children - but not infants or adults - absorb language. Other researchers have found that play in cars, rats and mice is at its most intense just as this 'window of opportunity' reaches its peak.

　　解析：我们先审题，明确题目说的是classes of animals即不同动物类别，段落可能将其具体化，列出不同种类的动物。而这时，考生往往会看到这两段都有动物名，那么我们先将可能的证据列出，对比如下：

　　B段出现的与动物有关的表达是：mammals-哺乳类动物、birds-非哺乳类动物；

　　F段出现的动物名是cats、rats and mice，而它们都属于哺乳类动物。

　　因此，相对而言，B段更符合答案。

　　类型2：具体名词

　　例题3：a description of the origins of the pendulum clock

　　审题：

　　题目中说的是the pendulum clock的起源，这时候我们的目光聚焦于the pendulum clock. 这个比较难替换的、具有实际意思的名词。不妨反向思考：答案段落必定要提及到这个东西，再提及其起源。

　　F.The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England. The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement. In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring. By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.

　　G.To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England. It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor. The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount. Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc. Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floor-standing case design, which became known as the grandfather clock.

　　解析：虽然两个段都提及到pendulum clock，但F段说的是a pendulum clock had been devised——其被发明出来，吻合origin这一点，因此F段为答案。

　　类型3：形容词

　　在讲这个点之前，先问一下童鞋们，你能想到哪些具体细节，可让你感觉其有“军事的”这一属性或与军事有关？

　　回答可能五花八门，如坦克、飞机、战斗机、军队、战争等等，没错，这些都是“军事的”的具体化展现，也就是说，对于题目中出现的形容词，原文段落可能出现其具体化的细节，这些一般会以具体名词形式出现。

　　例题4：early military uses of echolocation

　　审题：military-军事的，可能以具体形式出现。

　　以下为其对应的段落：

　　Before this was discovered, engineers had already built instruments to exploit the principle, for example to measure the depth of the sea under a ship. After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection of submarines. Both sides in the Second World War relied heavily on these devices, under such codenames as Asdic (British) and Sonar (American), as well as Radar (American) or RDF (British), which uses radio echoes rather than sound echoes.

　　那么，思考一下，为什么选这一段呢？

　　解析：military——Second World War.