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小编： 2512015年3月14日托福听力机经（详细版）
Conversation 1
说的是生物研究，一开始学生提到自己的小组因为bus的原因没有及时回来，然后professor就说了一下一个澳大利亚某种引入的动物的危害，接着说了oil palm要学生写论文的时候，正反面都要写，不光光要说危害，而且还要说它的好处。
-TPO部分对应参考(学术话题TPO10-C1/TPO15-C2/TPO1-C2)
-TPO对应词汇
作业：
assignment作业
homework= coursework = schoolwork = studies 作业
labreport 实验报告
bookreport 读书报告
project作业
presentation发言
termpaper 学期论文(research paper)
thesis/essay/dissertation论文
journal学术期刊
socialinvestigation 社会调查
survey调查
questionnairen.调查表, 问卷
observationn.观察
interviewvt.n.采访
collectdata 收集数据
broad(论文等)内容宽泛
narrowdown (论文等)缩小范围
source(写论文的)参考资料
criticalthinking 评判性思维
lackyour own ideas缺少自己的想法
deadlinen.最终期限
extension延期
duedate/time期限
outlinen.大纲, 提纲 (roadmap)
bibliographyn书目, 参考书目
reference参考
plagiarismn. 抄袭
revisev. 修改
rewritev. 重写
finaldraft 完成稿
speechn.演讲
presentation演讲，陈述
eyecontact 目光接触
Lecture 1 Geology
水循环并不是之前想像的那样从土里直接蒸发到大气的。教授说了一个科技手段-同位素分析，然后举了一个山区的例子说土地里的poros是树木里面的水跟土里的水不一样。
-TPO部分对应参考(地质地理学TPO4-L3/TPO15-L2/T16-L1)
-参考背景
水循环是指地球上不同的地方上的水，通过吸收太阳的能量，改变状态到地球上另外一个地方。例如地面的水分被太阳蒸发成为空气中的水蒸气。而水在地球的状态包括固态、液态和气态。而地球中的水多数存在于大气层、地面、地底、湖泊、河流及海洋中。水会通过一些物理作用，例如：蒸发、降水、渗透、表面的流动和地底流动等，由一个地方移动到另一个地方。如水由河川流动至海洋。
由16,17世纪佩罗和马略特发现。
水循环是多环节的自然过程，全球性的水循环涉及蒸发、大气水分输送、地表水和地下水循环以及多种形式的水量贮蓄降水、蒸发和径流是水循环过程的三个最主要环节，这三者构成的水循环途径决定着全球的水量平衡，也决定着一个地区的水资源总量。
蒸发是水循环中最重要的环节之一。由蒸发产生的水汽进入大气并随大气活动而运动。大气中的水汽主要来自海洋，一部分还来自大陆表面的蒸散发。大气层中水汽的循环是蒸发-凝结—降水—蒸发的周而复始的过程。海洋上空的水汽可被输送到陆地上空凝结降水，称为外来水汽降水;大陆上空的水汽直接凝结降水，称内部水汽降水。一地总降水量与外来水汽降水量的比值称该地的水分循环系数。全球的大气水分交换的周期为10天。在水循环中水汽输送是最活跃的环节之一。
The water cycle, also known asthe hydrologic cycle or the H2O cycle, describes the continuous movement ofwater on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earthremains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into themajor reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range ofclimatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir toanother, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to theatmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow. Indoing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice), and gas (vapor).
Thewater cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when waterevaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment.When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heatexchanges influence climate
Lecture 2 art history
这篇是讲一个作者怎么把专注于real nature的小说放到theater里面，但他没有成功，而讽刺的是不是属于他这个派系的小说写手却无意间写成功了。
-TPO部分对应参考(文艺历史TPO7-L1/TPO9-L1/TPO24-L2/TPO25-L2)
-参考背景
百老汇的历史可追溯至公元19 世纪初。当时的百老汇大道就已经成为美国戏剧
百老汇大街
艺术的活动中心。建立于公元 1810 年的ParkTheater是现今纽约百老汇剧院的始祖，第二间剧院The Broadway在1821年才出现于百老汇大道 (Broadway) 上。百老汇在这期间的戏剧风格受到当时欧洲维多利亚风格(Victorian Style) 的影响极大。伴随着移民潮及多样文化的冲击，属于美国本土的剧作家及演员才在这种意识刺激下出现。由于大部分的剧目都是改编自小说或文学作品，著作翻印再版或改编剧目的纷争不断，第一条关于著作权法的条文直至 1856 年才出现。
随着第一次世界大战(WorldWar I)的结束，百老汇剧院文化于二十世纪20年代开始迅速蓬勃发展，20年代末，是百老汇艺术的鼎盛时期，1925年这里的剧院达到80家之多，但这种好景却被1930年代初的经济危机而划上句号。
随着历史文化再次演进变迁，现今的 Broadway 不仅是一条贯穿纽约曼哈顿岛(Manhattan) 南北向的马路，更是剧院或是欣赏戏剧的代名词。
百老汇艺术对于推动美国戏剧、歌舞表演艺术起到了不可估量的贡献。许多好莱坞的明星大腕都是从百老汇的舞台艺术表演起家后走上电影明星的道路。著名的好莱坞音乐故事片《音乐之声》(Soundof music)的女主角朱莉.安德鲁丝就是从百老汇的同名音乐剧中的表演开始，被导演发现后走上银幕，成为美国60年代的银幕偶像。
Broadway theatre, commonlyknown as Broadway, refers to the theatrical performances presented in the 40professional theatres with 500 or more seatslocated in the Theater District and LincolnCenteralong Broadway, in the NewYork Cityborough of Manhattan. Along with London's West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely consideredto represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world.
The Broadway Theater District is a popular touristattraction in New York City. According to TheBroadway League,Broadway shows sold a record US$1.36 billion worth of tickets in 2014, anincrease of 14% over the previous year. Attendance in 2014 stood at 13.13million, a 13% increase over 2013.
The great majority of Broadway shows aremusicals. Historian Martin Shefter argues, "'Broadway musicals,'culminating in the productions of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, becameenormously influential forms of American popular culture" and helped makeNew York City the cultural capital of the nation.
Conversation 2
学校邀请一个乐队来表演节目。
-TPO部分对应参考(其他话题TPO5-C1/TPO8-C1/TPO19-C2)
-TPO对应词汇
校内工作，课外活动
及寻找经济援助：
Letterof reference/recommendation
Competitive
Benefitfuture career
Fieldresearch
Collectdata for papers
Waiter,waitress，Babysitter
Workat the library
Qualification资格,qualified 合格的
Resume,CV
financialaid经济援助
ScholarshipFellowship
Teachingassistantship 助教奖学金
Researchassistantship 研究奖学金
Grant助学金
Loan 贷款
Need-based以需求为基础
Merit-based以优秀为基础
Studentunion 学生会
Clubs俱乐部
Membership成员资格
Careerservice
Lecture 3 art history
银幕上出现一副画
-TPO部分对应参考(文学艺术TPO19-L4/TPO21-L4/TPO26-L4)
印象派绘画(Impressionism)也叫印象主义，是西方绘画史上划时代的艺术流派，19世纪60—90年代在法国兴起的画派，当时因克劳德·莫奈的油画《日出·印象》受到一位记者嘲讽而得名。这幅画面描绘的是塞纳河的清晨，太阳刚刚升起的时候。由于画家要在很短的瞬间，将早晨的美景在光线还没有变化前，就要完成作品，因此画面不可能描绘的很仔细。当学院派的画家们看到这幅作品时，认为很粗糙，过于随便，就用讥讽的语言嘲笑“巴比松”的画家，意思是说：那是一群根本就不懂绘画的画家，《日出·印象》完全就是凭印象胡乱画出来的，其他人也附和着说，这些画家统统都是“印象主义”，没想到，这些挖苦的话，反而成全了这批画家，“印象派”随之诞生，“巴比松派”反而慢慢被人淡忘。
Impressionism is a19th-century art movement that originated with a groupof Paris-based artists. Their independent exhibitions brought them to prominenceduring the 1870s and 1880s, in spite of harsh opposition from the conventionalart community in France. The name of the style derives from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satirical review published in the Parisiannewspaper Le Charivari.
Impressionistpainting characteristics include relatively small, thin, yet visible brushstrokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of lightin its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage oftime), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element ofhuman perception and experience, and unusual visual angles. The development ofImpressionism in the visual arts was soon followed byanalogous styles in other media that became known as impressionistmusicand impressionist literature.
Lecture 4 biology
一个植物和动物的相互作用
-TPO部分对应参考(生物学TPO18-L4/TPO19-L3/TPO22-L3)
-参考背景
生态系统简称ECO，是ecosystem的缩写，指在自然界的一定的空间内，生物与环境构成的统一整体，在这个统一整体中，生物与环境之间相互影响、相互制约，并在一定时期内处于相对稳定的动态平衡状态。生态系统的范围可大可小，相互交错，最大的生态系统是生物圈;最为复杂的生态系统是热带雨林生态系统，人类主要生活在以城市和农田为主的人工生态系统中。生态系统是开放系统，为了维系自身的稳定，生态系统需要不断输入能量，否则就有崩溃的危险;许多基础物质在生态系统中不断循环，其中碳循环与全球温室效应密切相关，生态系统是生态学领域的一个主要结构和功能单位，属于生态学研究的最高层次。
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (plants, animals andmicrobes) in conjunction with the nonlivingcomponentsof their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting asa system. These biotic and abioticcomponentsare regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Asecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, andbetween organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usuallyencompass specific, limited space(although some scientists say that the entireplanet is an ecosystem).
Energy, water, nitrogen andsoil minerals are other essential abiotic components of an ecosystem. Theenergy that flows through ecosystems is obtained primarily from the sun. Itgenerally enters the system through photosynthesis, a process that also capturescarbon from the atmosphere. By feeding on plants and on oneanother, animals play an important role in the movementof matter and energy through the system. They also influence the quantity ofplant and microbialbiomass present. By breaking downdead organic matter, decomposers release carbon back to theatmosphere and facilitate nutrientcyclingby converting nutrients stored in dead biomass back to a form that can bereadily used by plants and other microbes.
加试部分是经典加试(Section1 鸟的迁徙+大王花+ragtime音乐)
