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小编： 4402015年4月18日雅思阅读机经考题回忆 | |||||
Passage One | 新旧情况 | 题材 | 题目 | 题型 | |
| 旧 | 历史类 | 俄罗斯芭蕾历史 | 判断题 6个 摘要题 7个 | |
文章大意 | 整篇文章按照时间和人物顺序安排，第一段姜17世纪俄罗斯对待芭蕾的态度。 第二段讲两任沙皇罗曼诺夫和彼得大帝对待芭蕾的不同。 第三、四段讲几位艺术家在俄罗斯的遭遇，其中有普希金，尼金斯基（Nijinsky） （类似参考文章） The History of Russian Ballet 17th Century Ballet in Russia was created by foreigners and yet it is most definitely "Russian". In the 17th century ballet was introduced into Russia by the second Romanov ruler Tsar Alexis Mikhailovich (1629-1676, reigned from 1645) for his wedding festivities. 18th Century The dissemination of ballet in Russia and its deep rooted appeal to all Russians can be traced back to those nobles who, often living so far away from the capital, commanded their own entertainment, setting up ballet troupes often composed of serfs who had been trained at the Imperial School. The request by Frenchman Jean Batiste Lande (died 1748 in St Petersburg) was granted on May 15, 1738 and the first Russian school of dancing was given two rooms in the Old Winter Palace. Later this school became the St. Petersburg Imperial Ballet School. Imperial patronage always ensured that ballet in Russia remained a vigorous art form. Successive tsars invited foreign ballet masters to develop the art. The history of the Russian ballet consists of the gradual absorption of this foreign knowledge by the Russians themselves until the art became indigenous. Catherine the Great, a great patron of the arts, established the Directorate of the Imperial theaters, giving it control over ballet. At a Moscow Orphanage in 1774 she started a ballet school under the direction of Filippo Beccari (?). In 1765 she brought the Italian dancer-composer-choreographer Domenico Angiolini (1731-1803) to St Petersburg. Angiolini composed the first heroic Russian ballet Semira in 1772. He was one of the first choreographers to move away from ballet as a divertissement, a mere history in costume, to a psychological drama. 19th Century Charles-Louis Didelot In 1801 Charles-Louis Didelot (1767-1837) sparked the first great period of ballet. He is considered to be the "father of the Russian ballet." His productions were seen at the St. Petersburg Bolshoi Theatre, latter called the Maryinsky, and later still the Kirov. He was invited to St Petersburg by Paul I. Didelot said that "ballet is an action explained by a dance" and from this premise created a plasticity of movement free from the conventionalities of baroque ballet, using effective changes of scenery, and combining the dance of soloists and the corps de ballet which prompted the developments of ensemble dance in the Romantic period. Ballerinas The Russian ballet remained a mystery to the West, but as the European dancers returned from their Russian tours with stories of the beautiful theaters and the tremendous salaries paid guest artists, caused many of the great dancers and teachers to flood the Russian market: Jean-Batiste Lande, Louis Duport, Jules Perrot, Arthur Saint-Leon, Marie Taglioni, Lucile Grahm, Fanny Cerrito, Fanny Elssler, and Carlotta Grisi all danced in Russia. Avdotia Ilyinitshna Istomina, (1799-1848) graduated from the academy in 1815 and within 5 years held the rank of primiere danseuse mime. She was a great beauty with jet-black hair and a beautiful figure. Her technique was flawless, and her elevation and pirouettes set her aside from the other dancers. Also, her acting abilities inspired Pushkin to write the ballet "Prisoner of the Caucasus" in 1836 for her. Because of a injury to her foot she danced less and less, finally retiring in 1836. She died of cholera 12 years later. When Marie Taglioni took St. Petersburg by storm, Elena Andreianova (1819-1857), a ballerina who graduated from the Imperial Theater school, had to watch jealously from the wings. In time Andreianova became more powerful, because she was the lover of Alexander Guedenov, the director of the Imperial Theater. Elena was the first Russian Giselle, in 1842. Guedenov arranged a successful tour for her in Paris, but at La Scala she was less impressive. In 1848, when Fanny Elssler arrived in St. Petersburg, the Russian dancers were again forced into the background. To keep peace, Guedenov sent Andreianova to Moscow. The Moscovites resented the invasion of the dancer from St. Petersburg, and on her opening night, instead of flowers, the audience threw a dead cat on stage. Elena fainted, and then she got a standing ovation. She did another successful foreign tour, but on her return she found that Guedenov had found a new "protegee." At 34 Andreianova was forced to retire. Not being able to handle the politics of the dance world, she moved to France, where she died at the age of 48. Christian Johansson In 1840s three foreign dancers (Christian Johansson, Jules Perrot - the founder of Romantic ballet - and Marius Petipa) came to St Petersburg. Both as dancers and ballet masters, they each of them had their own style which would be absorbed into the Russian classical technique. Marie Taglioni was respondsible for bringing her new partner, Christian Johanson (1817-1903), a Dane, to St. Petersburg. After Taglioni's contract expired, Johanson stayed and became a leading dancer and one of the most influential teachers of ballet. Johanson was responsible for keeping the male dancers a major part of ballet--a situation that did much to keep ballet viable in Russia, while it declined in the rest of Europe. He inculcated a strict pure technique that formed the basis of the Russian classical style for both men and women (he was the teacher of Anna Pavlova and Vatslav Nijinsky). Ivan Valberkh Ivan Valberkh (1766-1819) was the first famous native ballet master to be trained at the St Petersburg academy. He had studied with Gaspero Angiolini (1731-1803) and Canziani (?) in 1786. Literature, operas and plays were the sources of his choreography. He wanted to promote the Russian dancers and his patriotic ballets were the most popular. "Love for the Fatherland" was so inflammatory that many in the audience left the theater and enlisted in the war against Napoleon. He succeeded Canziani as ballet inspector of the St. Petersburg Bolshoi Theater and director of the school in 1794. Later he reorganized the school in Moscow. Marius Petipa But by the late 19th century ballet in Russia was a stagnant form where the virtuoso demonstration of classical technique had become an end in itself while the narrative was enlivened only by character dances. It was Frenchman, Marius Petipa (1818-1910), who decisively refashioned this failing art form, structuring the haphazard tradition he had inherited, making a virtue of what would later be seen as its weakness - the deliberate lack of dramatic unity. It was the lack of quality symphonic music that had hitherto prevented a complete unification with the increasing complexities of ballet movement. It was Petipa who introduced the strict proportions between mime and dance, and established the ensembles of the corps de ballet and the precise rules for the order of dancing in a pas de deux. In 1869 Petipa took over the position of Ballet Master in Chief to the Imperial Tsar. In his role of leadership Petipa created many multi- and single-act ballets for presentation on the imperial stages of Russia. In 1869 he went to Moscow and created Don Quixote for the ballet of the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow. Then in 1877 he created La Bayadère for the Bolshoi Theatre in St. Petersburg, (There was a Bolshoi in both Moscow and in St. Petersburg - the word Bolshoi meaning "big"). In earlier years Petipa had choreographed the dances of les wilis in the second act of Giselle while acting as an assistant to Perrot and this form of female corps dancing representing shadows or spirits became known as ballet blanc and is common to Giselle, La Bayadère, and many other ballets. Also in 1877 a ballet so popular its name and image represents classical ballet premiered in Moscow. Swan Lake, set to Tchaikovsky's first ballet score was the first of the "Big Three" of Russian Ballet. Originally set by Austrian Wenzel Reisinger, (1827-1892), Swan Lake has been reworked by many people including Joseph Hansen, (1842-1907), and then again by Petipa in 1895. During the 1880s Petipa restaged in Russia two ballets that had been very successful in Paris. The first was Giselle which he had been involved in the first time, and the second was Saint-Léon's Coppelia, (originally presented in 1870). Interestingly enough, it was the music to Coppelia which inspired Tchaikovsky to write music for the ballet. With Petipa as the chief ballet master, many more Russian born and trained ballerinas danced on the imperial stages at this time than did at the beginning of Russian ballet. Now the Russians are known the world over as ballet dancers of extreme quality. In 1890 the Italian ballerina Carlotta Brianza, (1867-1930), was chosen by Petipa to dance the title role in a new ballet called Spyashchaya Krasavitsa in Russian, La belle au Bois Dormant by the Francophile Russian Court, and The Sleeping Beauty in English. With music by Tchaikovsky composed "to spec" for Petipa, this ballet is the second of the Russian "Big Three" and is one of the great classical ballet masterpieces. Then, continuing on their roll of success, in 1892 Petipa, Tchaikovsky, designer Ivan Vsevolozhsky, and assistant ballet master Lev Ivanov, (1834-1901), created The Nutcracker. This third of the Russian "Big Three" was based on a sweetened French retelling of the story by E.T.A. Hoffman. The Nutcracker has enjoyed huge popularity in hundreds of different versions as a "Christmas ballet." In 1895 Petipa restaged Swan Lake including major choreographic additions. One of these was as the thirty two fouetté turns in the coda of the pas de deux from the ballroom scene. In 1898 Petipa choreographed his last ballet with any staying power. Raymonda is a three-act ballet with music by Alexander Glazunov. Similar in style to the three Tchaikovsky ballets Raymonda is very difficult to follow because it showcases an impressive variety of dancing more than it portrays its plot line. 20th Century As the new century began, people started to get tired of Petipa's ideas and principles of ballet and looked for fresh ideas. By now the Russian ballet had surpassed the French ballet and many Russian dancers had become international stars. Probably the most notable ballerina of this time was Anna Pavlova, (1881-1931), who is known for dancing The Dying Swan. Mikhail Fokine In 1907 Mikhail Folkine, (1880-1942), started to push the rules of costume in the imperial theatre. He felt that the "open parasol" look that all of the ladies wore was getting boring and pornographic, so with his Greek style ballet, Eunice, he made it look like the dancers were in bare feet, (to have bare feet or legs was against the rules of the imperial theatre), by having toes painted on the dancers' shoes. He also chose to use serious music, rather than dance music. Sergei Diaghilev and Ballets Russes In 1909 Sergei, (or Serge), Diaghilev, (1872-1929), created the Ballets Russes. This dance company started with strong Russian Character works. However, Le Pavillon d'Armide was the first ballet to be shown and it had a strong French influence. One of the dancers who performed in Le Pavillon d'Armide in both St. Petersburg and Paris was Vaslav Nijinsky, (1889-1950), who is known as one of the better jumpers of all time. Also presented in Paris by the Ballets Russes was a ballet formerly known as Chopiniana, because all of its music was by Chopin, but rechristened Les Sylphides, (different from La Sylphide but given a similar name because the Paris audience had recently seen La Sylphide), for the French public. Over the next several years, the Ballets Russes performed many ballets that have since become famous including Scheherazade, (1910), Firebird, (1910), and Petroucha, (1911). 4 The last major production of the Ballets Russes in Paris was in 1921 and 1922, when Diaghilev restaged Petipa's 1890 version of The Sleeping Beauty. The four month run of the show did not recoup the financial outlay of the show, and as a result it was dubbed a failure. However, The Sleeping Beauty rekindled the European audience's interest in the evening-length ballet. One young dancer and choreographer with the Ballets Russes was Georgi Melitonovitch Balanchivadze, (1904-1983), whose name was later Frenchified to George Balanchine. He choreographed several works for the Ballets Russes, the most famous of which being Apollon Musagète in 1928, which has become a classic of the neo-classical ballets. Apollon Musagète, which later became Apollo, is a one-act ballet with a Greek look to it. After Diaghilev died Balanchine left the Ballets Russes and set out on his own for a while before ending up directing the dance company Ballets 1933. When that company folded he was invited to come to America by Lincoln Kirstein, (1907-1995). Kirstein knew almost nothing about ballet, and Balanchine know almost nothing about America, (except that it produced women like Ginger Rogers), and decided to take the offer and establish ballet in America. At this time Kirstein started his wish list of ballets he wanted to see in America; leading the list was Pocahantas. In 1934 Balanchine established the School of American Ballet, which gave its first performance, a new piece called Serenade that same year. 20 - 50's After the Russian Revolution ballet was saved by Anatoli Lunacharsky, the first ever People's Commissar for Enlightenment when he stated that art "creates human types and situations, which we live on from century to century and which are real to millions of people." After Lunacharsky, the Commissars allowed ballet as long as it was light and uplifting. Rudolf Nureyev In 1961 the world spotlight moved to Rudolf Nureyev, (1938-1993). After Nureyev graduated from the Kirov academy he danced with the Kirov ballet, and made news around the world as the "next Nijinsky." However, when the Kirov began to organize a Paris and London tour, his offstage disregard for Soviet ideals almost kept him from going on the tour. Then, when he was the government recalled him to the Soviet Union in the middle of the tour, he instead sought political asylum in France. After defecting, Nureyev danced with Margot Fonteyn as a partner with many companies around the world, including the National Ballet of Canada and the Australian Ballet, becoming known with Fonteyn as "Rudi and Margot." Unfortunately for Nureyev, his hoped for association with Balanchine never materialized. After 50's Beginning in 1956, Russian ballet companies such as Bolshoi and Kirv (now the Saint Petersburg Ballet) performend in the West for the first time after the Russian revlutin. The intense dramatic feeling and technical virtuosity of the Russians made a great impact. Russian influence on ballet continues today, both through visits frm Russian companies and the activities of defecting Soviet dancers such as Rudlf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova, Mikhail Barishnikov. | ||||
部分答案 | 1-6判断题 1.T 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.NG 6.T （答案个别顺序与原题不符，仅供参考） 摘要填空题答案： character
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Passage Two | 新旧情况 | 题材 | 题目 | 题型 | |
| 新 | 心理类 | 情景记忆（episode memory） | 小标题配对6个 多选题 2个（都是5选2）一共4个答案 选词填空题 4个 | |
文章大意 | 第一段讲人类也许是唯一的拥有情景记忆的动物； 第二段讲有可能动物也有，然后有个科学家对一种鸟做了一个实验，把动物幼虫（larvae）和坚果（nut）埋起来，然后把鸟关一阵子，然后放出来看能否能记住食物的埋葬地，如果新鲜的话，这鸟会先刨开幼虫吃，如果时间长了，也就是幼虫死了，这鸟会去刨坚果，从而证明鸟也有这个记忆功能。 第三段很短，就讲了大脑如果损坏的影响 第四段讲科学家分析大脑在情景记忆中的运行过程 第五段讲其实这种记忆可以改进，然后举了个猴子的实验 Episodic memory is a category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences. Your first day of school, your first kiss, attending a friend's birthday party and your brother's graduation are all examples of episodic memories. In addition to your overall recall of the event itself, it also involves your memory of the location and time that the event occurred. Closely related to this is what researchers refer to as autobiographical memory, or your memories of your own personal life history. As you can imagine, episodic and autobiographical memories play an important role in your self identity. | ||||
部分答案 | 14-17 细节信息包含题 14. vi 15. iii
多选题选： AE BD （答案个别顺序与原题不符，仅供参考） | ||||
Passage Three | 新旧情况 | 题材 | 题目 | 题型 | |
| 新 |
科技类 | 新能源汽车广告 | 单选题3个 选词填空5个 判断题 5个 | |
文章大意 | 第一段讲新能源车的情况， 第二段讲GM的EV-1的失败例子和FORD的新工程的失败例子 第三、四段讲丰田普锐斯成功的原因 最后几段讲新世纪人们对新能源汽车的接受态度转变 | ||||
答案 | 答案 27.A(垃圾处理会产生更多垃圾) 28.C（人们认为他的处理可以更好些） 29.B
36. Y 37. Y 38. NG 39. N 40. N | ||||
