综合点评
　　Passage
　　one
　　学科分类题目
　　生物类—动物
　　Spider
　　内容回
　　忆
　　介绍一类蜘蛛，makesomedecorationonitsweb.Explainthepossiblereasons:可能1:attracttheir
　　prey=insectswho利用紫外线找食物。蜘蛛网有反射紫外线的功能，这种功能能让它被一些昆虫发现，但
　　也能让一些传播花粉的昆虫误以为是花，而落网一些蜘蛛装饰它们自己的网，这种做法有特殊的好处，
　　比如让鸟类飞行时可以避开，避免网被破坏等But可能2：不是为了吸引猎物，而是食物已经很丰富，有
　　多余energy做这些装饰。并做了一实验验证，确实如此。
　　参考阅
　　读
　　Passage
　　two
　　学科分类题目
　　生物类动物的不同运动方式及原理locomotion
　　内容回
　　1：海里的鱼类进化成流线型减少阻力游泳时，尾巴鱼鳍的作用
　　忆
　　2：步行的动物减少接触地面的时间，减少摩擦，体型大
　　3：飞行的动物长出某种肌肉，翅膀站体重20%，体型小
　　词汇题：
　　Feat=accomplishment
　　constrainsto=restrictionson
　　mechanism=method
　　predominantly=mainly
　　参考阅
　　读
　　Tpo2-2水里
　　Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans—whales,porpoises,anddolphins—aremammals.
　　Theybreathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.
　　Theirstreamlinedbodies,the
　　absenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofafluke1andblowhole2cannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswit
　　hlanddwellingmammals.However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,a
　　ndwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatth
　　efirstwhaleslookedlike.Extinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrec
　　ord.Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilr
　　ecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.
　　陆地
　　Animalaeriallocomotioncanbedividedintotwocategories—poweredandunpowered.In
　　unpoweredmodesoflocomotion,theanimalusesaerodynamicsforcesexertedonthebodydueto
　　windorfallingthroughtheair.Inpoweredflight,theanimalusesmuscularpowertogenerate
　　aerodynamicforces.Animalsusingunpoweredaeriallocomotioncannotmaintainaltitudeand
　　speedduetounopposeddrag,whileanimalsusingpoweredflightcanmaintainsteady,levelflight
　　aslongastheirmusclesarecapableofdoingso.
　　Passage
　　three
　　学科分类题目
　　经济类荷兰捕鱼业
　　内容回
　　忆
　　荷兰捕鱼业强的原因：1：一种船的使用2：保存鱼的方法。
　　此捕鱼业代动了相关产业的发展。
　　最后一段：如何捕猎鲸鱼，以及随着数量减少造更牛的船
　　参考阅
　　读
　　TheNetherlandshasalongtraditionasafishingandfishprocessingnation.Thetradeinfishstartedasearly
　　astheMiddleAges,whenitbecamethecornerstoneoftheDutchwealth.Tillthisdaythefleetsuppliesthe
　　elevenfishmarketsinourcountrydailywithfreshfish.
　　AlothaschangedthoughsincetheMiddleAges.Sustainablemanagementofthefishstockhasbecomeof
　　increasingimportanceandinnovationsofthefishingtechniquesareongoingtopreservetheenvironment.
　　Maintainingthehigheststandardsofqualityisoftheutmostimportance.Itisthereforenosurprisethatthe
　　Dutchfishingindustryisrenownedforitshigh-qualityproductsandthehighlevelofinnovations.An
　　industrytobeproudof!
　　Passage
　　four
　　学科分类题目
　　经济类英国农业贸易
　　内容回
　　忆
　　两次工业革命对英国农业贸易的影响，外来的农产品竞争导致本地农产品降价导致农
　　民收益减少。
　　词汇题：
　　Courteous=polite
　　Posed=presented
　　Durable=long-lasting
　　Hastened=hurried
　　类似：TPO33-2、TPO46-2
　　Passage
　　five
　　学科分类题目
　　考古白垩纪温度升高的原因
　　内容回
　　忆
　　原因1：二氧化碳浓度高。反驳掉。详细解释：如果CO2高，植物光合作用需要很少的物
　　质S因为很容易进行。But化石研究及海水酸度研究发现：S不少，所以CO2浓度和现在一
　　样。
　　原因2：冰川深海冰中存在某种气体，温度上升，冰川融化，气体释放加剧温室效应。
　　参考阅
　　读
　　EachclimatewarmingspikecorrelateswithanepisodeofextinctionidentifiedinanearlierstudyledbyProfessor
　　TomTobinoftheUniversityofAlabama.
　　“Ourfindingssupportthe‘press-pulse’extinctionmechanism,”saidDoctorSierraPetersen,referringtothe
　　theorythatlong-termenvironmentalstressmadelifeonEarthvulnerabletotheshockoftheasteroidimpact.“The
　　volcanismcausedsignificantclimatechange,andtheenvironmentalstressfromthisclimatechangelikelyledto
　　enhancedoverallextinction.”
　　Petersen’spaperappearstocontradictonepublishedjustacoupleofweeksagobyJamesWittsoftheUniversity
　　ofLeedsandcolleagues,whofoundtherewasonesingle,“sudden”(meaningwithin30,000to70,000years)
　　extinctioncorrelatedwiththeasteroidimpact,usingfossilsfromthesameplaceasPetersengatheredher
　　specimensfrom–SeymourIslandontheAntarcticPeninsula.
　　PetersenpointsoutthatWitts’paperdoesshowasmallextinctionepisodecorrelatingtothefirsttemperature
　　spike,whereasearlierstudiesfoundthatthetwoextinctionpulseswereofroughlyequalseverity.
　　Unfortunately,theWittspaperonlycameoutafterourpaperwasalreadyinproduction,sowecouldnotaddthis
　　discussionintoourpaper.
　　It’scuriousthatPetersenandhercolleaguesfoundawarmingspikeassociatedwiththeasteroidimpact,when
　　youmightexpectanasteroidimpacttogenerateacoolingspikefromthe“impactwinter”triggeredbyallthe
　　sulfuranddustkickedupintoEarth’satmosphere.Indeed,DoctorJohanVellekoopoftheCatholicUniversityof
　　Leuven,Belgium,andcolleagueshavejustpublishedapaperclaimingtohavefound“evidenceof
　　impact-provoked,severeclimaticcoolingimmediatelyfollowingtheK-Pgimpact”insedimentsoffshoreNew
　　Jersey.
　　[Our]studydoesnothavetheresolutiontoobservetheimpactwinter,whichwouldonlyhavelastedafewyears
　　atthemost.
　　Suchatransientcoldsnapwouldbehard-pressedtoberecordedinoceansedimentsatall,becauseofthehuge
　　thermalinertiaoftheworld’soceans,unlessclimatefeedbacksamplifiedandsustainedcoolingforcenturies.
　　Veryclosetothe[end-Cretaceous]boundarywehavesomesamplesthatarequitewarm,nearlyreachingthe
　　peaktemperaturesfromthefirstwarmingspike.Othersamplesarecolder,butallaretakenfromwithin1meter
　　oftheboundaryandwecannotresolvetheirrelativetiming.Clearlyclimatewashighlyvariablearoundthis
　　time.
　　Recentrock-datingworkhassuggestedthatthevastmajorityoftheIndianlava(andbyimplication
　　CO2emissions)eruptedasaconsequenceoftheasteroidimpactshakingupthemagmaplumbingbeneathIndia.
　　Petersen’spapertiesthefirstwarmingspikeandextinctiontothebeginningoftheIndianDeccaneruptions,with
　　massiveCO2emissionsconcentratedinatimeframeoflessthan200,000years,beforetheasteroidimpact.
　　Passage
　　six
　　学科分类题目
　　历史荷兰瓷砖
　　内容回
　　忆
　　荷兰一种瓷砖的发展，可以贴在墙上或者天花板上，后来又演变出许多的修饰图案。
　　明代中国的瓷器引入后又模仿瓷器造出一种很薄的瓷砖。
　　参考阅
　　读
　　荷兰瓷砖与借鉴中国瓷器
　　文章内容：Squarepiecesofpinkfiringclaywerecoveredwithwhitetinglazeandpaintedwith
　　polychrome(colored)decorationsthatranovermorethanonetile.Atthebeginningoftheseventeenthcentury,
　　whentheDutchwalltilebecameanimportantfunctionalanddecorativewallcovering,differentdesignswere
　　introduced.Animals,flowerpots,anddesignswithgrapesandpomegranateswereusedonsingletilesascentral
　　motifswithinadiamond-shapedorcircularborder.Thecornersofeachtilewerefilledwithstylizedleafmotifs
　　executedintheso-called“reversingtechnique”wherethebackgroundaroundthepatternispaintedinblue,
　　leavingtheactualdesignstandingoutinwhite.Whenputtogetheronthewall,therecurringcornermotifsmet
　　andformedlargedecorativeunitsalmostequalinsizetothecentralfigurativedesigns.
　　补充材料：
　　DuringtheDutchGoldenAge,theDutchEastIndiaCompanyhadalivelytradewiththeEastandimported
　　millionsofpiecesofChineseporcelainintheearly17thcentury.[8]TheChineseworkmanshipandattentionto
　　detailimpressedmany.Onlytherichestcouldaffordtheearlyimports.Dutchpottersdidnotimmediatelyimitate
　　Chineseporcelain;theybegantodosoafterthedeathoftheWanliEmperorin1620,whenthesupplytoEurope
　　wasinterrupted.[7]"PottersnowsawanopportunitytoproduceacheapalternativeforChneseporcelain.After
　　muchexperimentingtheymanagedtomakeathintypeofearthenwarewhichwascoveredwithawhitetinglaze.
　　Althoughmadeoflow-firedearthenware,itresembledporcelainamazinglywell."[9]Delftwareinspiredby
　　Chineseoriginalspersistedfromabout1630tothemid-18thcenturyalongsideEuropeanpatterns.Around1700
　　severalfactorieswereusingenamelcoloursandgildingoverthetin-glaze,requiringathirdkilnfiringatalower
　　temperature.Later,afterJapaneseImariwarehadbecomepopularinthelate1600sandearly1700s(whenittoo
　　triedtofillthegapoftheChineseshortage),Delftbeganmakingtheirown'Imariware'copyingtheclassic
　　'flowervaseonaterracesurroundedbythreepanelswithcranesandpinedesign'.Orient-inspiredDelftware
　　remainedpopularintotheearly1700sbutthendeclinedwhenChineseporcelainbecameavailableagain.[10]
　　Delftwarerangedfromsimplehouseholditems–plainwhiteearthenwarewithlittleornodecoration–tofancy
　　artwork.MostoftheDelftfactoriesmadesetsofjars,thekast-stelset.Pictorialplatesweremadeinabundance,
　　illustratedwithreligiousmotifs,nativeDutchsceneswithwindmillsandfishingboats,huntingscenes,
　　landscapesandseascapes.Setsofplatesweremadewiththewordsandmusicofsongs;dessertwasservedon
　　themandwhentheplateswereclearthecompanystartedsinging.[11]TheDelftpottersalsomadetilesinvast
　　numbers(estimatedateighthundredmillion[12])overaperiodoftwohundredyears;manyDutchhousesstill
　　havetilesthatwerefixedinthe17thand18thcenturies.
　　词汇题：besubjectedto=beexposedtorecurringto=repeateddecisive=essential=significant
　　细节题：
　　AccordingtoParagraph3,whichofthefollowingistrueofthedesignofaDutchwalltile?
　　Itsmainpurposechangedfrombeingfunctionaltobeingdecorative.
　　Itsornamentationsometimescontinuedontoothertiles.
　　Itwaspaintedwithabluedesignsurroundedbyawhitebackground.
　　Itscornersweresometimesfilledwithimagesofanimals.
　　.
　　Passage
　　seven
　　学科分类题目
　　艺术洞穴壁画
　　内容回
　　忆
　　绘画者画这些画的动机
　　Inanyinvestigationoftheoriginsofart,attentionfocusesonthecavepaintingscreatedinEuropeduri
　　ngthePaleolithicera(c.40,000-10,000yearsago)suchasthosedepictingbullsandotheranimalsinth
　　eLascauxcaveinFrance.Acceptingthattheyarethebestpreservedandmostvisiblesignsofwhatwa
　　saglobalcreativeexplosion,howdowestarttoexplaintheirappearance?Instinctively,wemaywantt
　　oupdatetheearliesthumanartistsbyassumingthattheypaintedforthesheerjoyofpainting.Thephil
　　osophersofClassicalGreecerecognizeditasadefiningtraitofhumansto"delightinworksofimitatio
　　n"—toenjoytheveryactandtriumphofrepresentation.Ifwewereclosetoareallionorsnake,we
　　mightfeelfrightened.Butawell-executedpictureofalionorsnakewillgiveuspleasure.Whysuppo
　　sethatourPaleolithicancestorswereanydifferent?
　　Thissimpleacceptanceofartforart'ssakehasacertainappeal.TothinkofLascauxasagalleryallowsitto
　　beasortofspecialviewingplacewherethehandiworkofaccomplishedartistsmightbedisplayed.Plausibly,
　　dailyexistenceinpartsofPaleolithicEuropemaynothavebeensohard,withanabundanceofreadyfoodand
　　thereforetheleisuretimeforart.Theproblemswiththisexplanation,however,arevarious.Inthefirstplace,the
　　proliferationofarchaeologicaldiscoveries—andthisincludessomeoftheworld'sinnumerablerockartsitesthat
　　cannotbedated—hasservedtoemphasizearemarkablylimitedrepertoireofsubjects.Theimagesthatrecurare
　　thoseofanimals.Humanfiguresareunusual,andwhentheydomakeanappearance,theyarerarelydonewith
　　thesameattentiontoformaccordedtotheanimals.IfPaleolithicartistsweresimplyseekingtorepresentthe
　　beautyoftheworldaroundthem,wouldtheynothaveleftafargreaterrangeofpictures—oftrees,flowers,ofthe
　　Sunandthestars?
　　Afurtherquestiontothetheoryofartforart'ssakeisposedbythehighincidenceofPaleolithicimagesthat
　　appearnottobeimitativeofanyrealitywhatsoever.Thesearegeometricalshapesorpatternsconsistingofdots
　　orlines.Suchmarksmaybefoundisolatedorrepeatedoveraparticularsurfacebutalsoscatteredacrossmore
　　recognizableforms.AgoodexampleofthismaybeseeninthegeologicallyspectaculargrottoofPêcheMerle,in
　　theLotregionofFrance.HereweencountersomefavoriteanimalsfromthePaleolithicrepertoire—apairof
　　stout-belliedhorses.Butoverandaroundthehorses'outlinesaremultipledarkspots,daubedindisregardforthe
　　otherwisenaturalisticrepresentationofanimals.Whatdoessuchpatterningimitate?Thereisalsothefactorof
　　location.ThecavesofLascauxmightconceivablyqualifyasundergroundgalleries,butmanyotherpaintings
　　havebeenfoundinrecessestotallyunsuitableforanykindofviewing—tightnooksandcranniesthatmusthave
　　beenawkwardevenfortheartiststopenetrate,letaloneforanyoneelsewantingtoseetheart.
　　类似TPO53-3
　　词汇题：absolute=totalprogression=orderremarkable=extraordinaryassociated=linked=con
　　nected
　　Passage
　　eight
　　学科分类题目
　　艺术康斯坦丁的画
　　内容回
　　忆
　　画家Constable和他的landscapepainting反应hispersonality和当时的政治
　　参考阅
　　读
　　Constableisfamousforhislandscapes,whicharemostlyoftheSuffolkcountryside,wherehewas
　　bornandlived.Hemademanyopen-airsketches,usingtheseasabasisforhislargeexhibition
　　paintings,whichwereworkedupinthestudio.Hispicturesareextremelypopulartoday,butthey
　　werenotparticularlywellreceivedinEnglandduringhislifetime.Hedid,however,have
　　considerablesuccessinParis.
　　Constablequietlyrebelledagainsttheartisticculturethattaughtartiststousetheirimaginationto
　　composetheirpicturesratherthannatureitself.HetoldLeslie,"WhenIsitdowntomakeasketch
　　fromnature,thefirstthingItrytodoistoforgetthatIhaveeverseenapicture".[20]
　　AlthoughConstableproducedpaintingsthroughouthislifeforthe"finished"picturemarketof
　　patronsandR.A.exhibitions,constantrefreshmentintheformofon-the-spotstudieswasessential
　　tohisworkingmethod.Hewasneversatisfiedwithfollowingaformula."Theworldiswide",he
　　wrote,"notwodaysarealike,noreventwohours;neitherwerethereevertwoleavesofatreealike
　　sincethecreationofalltheworld;andthegenuineproductionsofart,likethoseofnature,areall
　　distinctfromeachother."[21]
　　Constablepaintedmanyfull-scalepreliminarysketchesofhislandscapestotestthecompositionin
　　advanceoffinishedpictures.Theselargesketches,withtheirfreeandvigorousbrushwork,were
　　revolutionaryatthetime,andtheycontinuetointerestartists,scholarsandthegeneralpublic.The
　　oilsketchesofTheLeapingHorseandTheHayWain,forexample,conveyavigourand
　　expressivenessmissingfromConstable'sfinishedpaintingsofthesamesubjects.Possiblymore
　　thananyotheraspectofConstable'swork,theoilsketchesrevealhiminretrospecttohavebeenan
　　avant-gardepainter,onewhodemonstratedthatlandscapepaintingcouldbetakeninatotallynew
　　direction.
　　Stonehenge(1835).VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London
　　Constable'swatercolourswerealsoremarkablyfreefortheirtime:thealmostmysticalStonehenge,
　　1835,withitsdoublerainbow,isoftenconsideredtobeoneofthegreatestwatercoloursever
　　painted.[21]Whenheexhibiteditin1836,Constableappendedatexttothetitle:"Themysterious
　　monumentofStonehenge,standingremoteonabareandboundlessheath,asmuchunconnected
　　withtheeventsofpastagesasitiswiththeusesofthepresent,carriesyoubackbeyondall
　　historicalrecordsintotheobscurityofatotallyunknownperiod."[22]
　　本场考试的加试文章为InterpretingPrehistoricCaveArt(重复2017.09.17加试题，这次仍为加试
　　题)，或者Constable’sLandscapePainting(首考加试题，考生普遍反映非常难)。
　　2018年8月25日托福口语回忆和解析
　　环球教育沈阳学校
　　邹希伦整理点评
　　综合点评
　　整体难度适中。没有较多生僻词汇，题意容易理解。有效运用答题思路，即可有不错的发挥。
　　Task1
　　考题回忆很多人会有一些新鲜的有挑战的经历，说一个你自己的经历和你怎么看待这个经历？
　　话题分类
　　FamiliarTopics
　　解题思路
　　描述类题目。事件类，可能需要“编故事”。
　　Topic
　　-Reason1&Detail1
　　-Reason2&Detail2
　　参考范文
　　Oneofthemostchallengingthingsinmylifewouldbetoparticipateinavoluntaryworklast
　　year.Infact,Iwenttoaremotevillageandworkedasateacherteachingpupilssomebasic
　　English.Atthebeginning,IstruggledtotriggertheirinterestinEnglish,becausethemajority
　　ofthemhadn’tcomeintocontactwithaforeignlanguagebefore.Thatmeanstheybarelyhad
　　foundationofit.What’smore,itwasthefirsttimeformetodealwithvariousstudents.Ifelt
　　quiteunconfidentespeciallywhenIinteractedwithsomeintrovertedstudents.Therefore,it
　　wasreallyanarduoustaskforme.
　　录音配有录音
　　Task2
　　考题回忆有人觉得图书馆应该安静，有人觉得应该提供社会活动让学生约朋友见面、开会。你觉
　　得应该怎样？
　　话题分类
　　FamiliarTopics
　　解题思路
　　PreferAorB偏好类
　　Topic:PreferAorB
　　Reason1-Details
　　Reason2-Details
　　参考范文
　　Personally,Iprefertheformerone.Themainreasonisthatalargepercentageofstudentsgoto
　　thelibraryforstudyorreadingawiderangeofbooks.Thelibrariesshouldprovideaquiet
　　academicatmospheretoallowthemtoimmersethemselvesinthepleasureofreadinginstead
　　ofmakinganynoises.Inaddition,ifstudentshopetotakepartinsocialactivities,theschool
　　shouldarrangeabetteroramoresuitablevenuelikeanauditoriumorasportscenterwitha
　　widerspaceandmodernfacilities.Thatwillbemoreidealtosatisfystudents’need.
　　录音配有录音
　　Task3
　　考题回忆阅读部分学校得了donation,有letter建议要修种，原因两个：
　　1.因为钟是学校象征，很著名，想到钟就想到学校。第二是种提醒学生时
　　间。
　　听力部分女生反对这个政策。
　　1.建筑物才是学校象征，而不是钟。而且大家只看钟，不需要听他的声音。
　　2.大家都有手表或电话不需要钟提醒。还是把donation拿来买桌子椅子更
　　好。
　　话题分类CampusSituation:校园活动
　　解题思路概述PolicyorProposal
　　表明女生AgreeorDisagree
　　Reason1-Details
　　Reason2-Details
　　参考范文
　　Inthereading,it’sproposedthattheschoolshouldrepairtheclock.Itisnotonlythesymbolof
　　thisschoolbutalsoremindsstudentsoftimeandpunctuality.Butintheconversation,the
　　womanisagainsttheproposalduetothefactthatthearchitecturesoncampusshouldplaya
　　moreimportantroleratherthantheclock.Andmostpeopleonlywatchtheclockinsteadof
　　listeningtoit.Sothere’snoneedtorepairit.What’more,studentsaremorelikelytorelyon
　　watchesorphonestochecktime.Therefore,itwillbeawasteofmoney.Theschoolshoulduse
　　themoneyonmoreusefulthingsliketablesandchairsforstudents.
　　录音配有录音
　　Task4
　　考题回忆阅读部分少量毒物(toxicant)不会造成死亡，反而会带来好处。
　　听力部分教授做了一个实验。两块地一块打除草剂，一块不打，有除草剂的长出很
　　多。
　　话题分类AcademicContents:生物学
　　解题思路解释术语概念
　　阐述教授的例子来印证概念
　　参考范文
　　Accordingtothereading,thephrasereferstoaphenomenonthatasmallamountoftoxicant
　　willnotleadtodeath.Incontrast,itwillbringsomebenefits.Inthelecture,theprofessorgives
　　anexampleabouthisexperimenttoillustratethis.Hegrewthesamecropsontwopiecesof
　　land.Ononeofthem,heusedsomeherbicide.Butontheotherone,hedidn’t.Afteraperiod
　　oftime,hediscoveredthatonthelandwithherbicide,cropsactuallygrewbetter.Thiscan
　　showhowtoxicantcouldbringpositiveimpacts.
　　录音配有录音
　　Task5
　　考题回忆一个男的家里加热系统坏了，特别冷，但是房东不在本地，两个解决方案：
　　1.去找人修，但是他不知道电话。找朋友帮忙看要挺长时间，晚上还是会冷
　　2.住朋友家，朋友不在家，但是他房东要一个星期才回来，他觉得太打扰朋友。
　　话题分类CampusSituation:突发意外
　　解题思路概述问题
　　总结解决方案
　　偏好哪个方案
　　解释原因
　　参考范文
　　Themanhasaproblemthathishomeisfreezingbecauseofthefailureofheatingsystem,but
　　thelandlordisinanothercityandcouldn’thelptosolveit.Therearetwosolutions.Oneisto
　　findapersontofixit,theotheristoliveinhisfriend’shome.Inmyopinion,thesecond
　　solutionisbetter.Becausehedoesn’tknowtheworker’sphonenumber.Andifheaskshis
　　friendstohelptorepair,itwillbetime-consumingandmightnotbefruitful.Besides,the
　　landlordwillbeawayforawholeweek.Ibelieveifheexplainstohisfriendindetail,his
　　friendwilltotallyunderstandhim.
　　录音配有录音
　　Task6
　　考题回忆Topic：psychologysafety
　　成功的领导人要创造小组氛围，一个是给予犯错的机会，另一个是关注relationship，要
　　让成员觉得自己不是worker而是people。
　　话题分类AcademicContents:心理学
　　解题思路
　　Topic
　　Point1&Example1-Details
　　Point2&Example2-Details
　　参考范文
　　Inthelecture,theprofessortalksaboutthewaystoensurepsychologysafety.Thefirstoneis
　　thatasuccessfulleadershouldmakeemployeesrealizetheyareworkingasateam.For
　　instance,anemployeeshouldbeallowedtomakemistakes.Inthisway,theycanfeel
　　psychologysafety.Theotherwayistopayattentiontorelationship.Forexample,ifemployees
　　feeltheyarerespectedandtreatedverywellinsteadofjustbeingworkers.Theywillmake
　　moreeffortstocontributetothecompaniesbecauseofpsychologysafety.
　　录音配有录音
　　2018年8月25日托福听力回忆和解析
　　环球教育沈阳学校
　　杨钧涵整理点评
　　综合点评
　　为大家整理了2018年8月25日托福听力真题解析回忆，在托福考试中仍旧会出现以往的旧题，本次
　　考题中conversation依旧是最常见的两大话题，校园生活和学术研究，lecture也是常考的几大话题，
　　分别是艺术，生物，地质和天文，常见话题均有出现，当然近期考试关于建筑，经济，心理学相关话
　　题也有上升趋势。
　　Conversation1
　　话题分类Studentandprofessor
　　内容回忆一个学生想要参加演讲比赛，向教授征求演讲的建议，教授建议她脱稿，自然地
　　发挥。
　　参考听力
　　TPO15L1
　　Conversation2
　　话题分类Studentandconsultant
　　内容回忆男学生想要换一个学校兼职工作，原来是在餐厅工作，最后打算坐夜班司机送人回家
　　参考听力
　　TPO40L2
　　Conversation3
　　话题分类Studentandemployee
　　内容回忆电子音乐,围绕电子音乐和周五学校的演出
　　参考听力
　　TPO30L1
　　Lecture1
　　话题分类经济学
　　内容回忆经济学：亚当斯密的理论。教授说了他理论的不足，在一些特定的情况下无法实
　　现利益最大化。
　　参考听力
　　TPO11L4
　　Lecture2
　　话题分类地质学
　　内容回忆说影响地貌的两种方式，侵蚀和板块运动导致的山脉，之前有学者认为侵蚀一定
　　会导致海拔下降，教授不同意，说被侵蚀过后，板块重量下降，更容易在板块运
　　动中被抬高。
　　参考听力
　　TPO6L4
　　Lecture3
　　话题分类天文学
　　内容回忆天文学的lecture，Browndwarf介于行星和恒星之间，是embryos变成恒星失败
　　而形成的（有题），两个假设，一个是ejectiontheory，跟gravity有关，embryos
　　相互竞争（有题），一个是吸收的material无法发光，没有足够的core。
　　参考听力
　　TPO21L1
　　Lecture4
　　话题分类艺术类
　　内容回忆音乐史，讲操纵电脑演奏的电子音乐。介绍仪器的用处是为了让音乐达到每一处，
　　接着开始讨论演奏形式。男女生分别出来互动，女生说很震撼还有即兴演出，男
　　生说不是音乐会反而很像一群人在发邮件，老师不同意男生观点同意女生的。和
　　钢琴演奏对比来看，此种演奏形式和演奏者关系比较小。
　　参考听力
　　TPO30L4
　　Lecture5
　　话题分类动物学
　　内容回忆大象次声波：动物用人类听不到的声音进行交流。
　　参考听力
　　TPO7L2,TPO10L1
　　Lecture6
　　话题分类建筑学
　　内容回忆美国建筑历史，关于路易斯康的建筑设计，一开始模仿古希腊哥特式建筑，后来
　　有了钢铁，就有了更多的设计。
　　参考听力
　　TPO29L4
　　2018年8月25日托福写作回忆和解析
　　环球教育沈阳学校
　　付莹莹整理点评
　　综合点评
　　本次写作题目与之前难度持平。综合写作听力部分注意收集针对阅读相应问题提供的解决方法，细节
　　尽量详尽。独立写作是教育类的话题，但问法及题目较为新颖（选教授话题）。
　　综合写作
　　话题分类阅读提出一个新的事物的作用，听力反驳阅读中的论点。属于“对立”题型。
　　考题回忆总论点阅读中主要对英国控制外来植物falsebamboo给出了三个方法，听力从这三个
　　角度来反驳方法的不合理性。
　　阅读部分阅读文章说了三点：
　　第一个分论点：斩草除根。
　　第二个分论点：喷洒化学除草剂。
　　第三个分论点：引进外来昆虫plantlouse吸树液。
　　听力部分听力不认同阅读的观点。
　　第一个对应的反驳观点是：很难拔干净一旦有残余又重新涨回来。
　　第二个对应反驳的分论点：一次杀不死全部，每年每季度三四次，浪费钱。
　　第三个对应反驳的分论点是：昆虫来自亚洲，冬天很难在英国存活，一旦虫子
　　数量减少，作用丧失。另外该虫万一大量繁衍怎么办。
　　解题思路综合写作基本框架思路。注意转述内容时侧重于听力部分，且以表意清晰为主要目的。
　　参考范文综合写作参照(考场回忆信息量有限，仅供参考)
　　Boththeauthorandthelecturerconcentrateontheapproachestocontroltheincreaseofa
　　non-nativeplant-falsebambooinBritain.Thereadingpassageassertsthatitsthreemethodsare
　　quiteeffectivetostopthistendency.However,theprofessorinthelecturetotallyrefutesallthe
　　passage'sviewpoints.
　　Firstly,eventhoughthewriterclaimsthatonewayistodigdeeptoremovetherootsoffalse
　　bamboo,thespeakerdiscreditsthisbyarguingthattheviewpointisnotconvincing,asitis
　　difficultforpeopletocleanoutallrootswithoutanytinyomission.However,asmallpieceof
　　rootcouldgrowbacktoitsoriginallargesizeandspreadquickly.Therefore,itisunlikelyto
　　carryonacleankill.
　　Furthermore,despitethestatementinthereadingpassagethattheuseofchemicalpesticidesis
　　alsoahelpfulway,theprofessorcontendsthatitisnotsoefficientthatpeoplehavetospray
　　thosechemicalsthreetofourtimeseveryseasoneachyear.Thespeakerfurtherexplainsthatthis
　　methodismorelikelytowastemoremoneyandincreasethefinancialburden.
　　Finally,theauthorstatesthattheintroductionofnaturalenemies-akindofinsectisbeneficialin
　　controllingtheworseningsituation,Thelecturercountersthatitdoesn’tworkwell.The
　　professoradvancestheargument,sayingthatalthoughtheseinsectsfromAsiaarehelpful,they
　　cannotadapttothefreezingcoldnessinwinter.Besides,anotherdangeristhatoncethese
　　predatorsadaptwellandreproducemassively,othernativespeciesoreventhewholelocal
　　eco-systemwillsuffer.Fortheseconcerns,thethirdmeasuredoesnotfitforthisissue.
　　Inbrief,thewriterandthespeakercontradicteachotheronwhetherthesethreemethodsare
　　validtocontrolthespreadoffalsebamboo.
　　本篇范文可以借鉴的模板
　　Boththeauthorandthelecturerconcentrateon___________.Thereadingpassageasserts
　　that_____________.However,theprofessorinthelecturetotallyrefutesallthepassage's
　　viewpoints.
　　Firstly,eventhoughthewriterclaimsthat_______________,thespeakerdiscreditsthisby
　　arguingthat____________________.
　　Furthermore,despitethestatementinthereadingpassagethat____________,theprofessor
　　contendsthat______________________.Thespeakerfurtherexplainsthat____________.
　　Finally,theauthorstatesthat_____________.Theprofessoradvancestheargument,saying
　　that__________.
　　Inbrief,thewriterandthespeakercontradicteachotheron_________
　　独立写作
　　话题分类教育类话题。命题中给了两个对象作出对比，从一个角度思考，从而去提出三个分论点加以分析和论
　　证。
　　考题回忆
　　Whichkindofprofessorswillyouchoosewhenselectingthecourses?1,Someprofessors
　　whoarevotedtobethemostpopularone?2,Someprofessorswhoarerewardedof
　　outstandingresearch?
　　解题思路思路分析：两个角度无论从哪个方面都可以写出有关教育类的词汇，本文从受欢迎的角度去写。
　　主要观点：受欢迎的老师首先他们的教学方法可以使得学生们积极性更高，上课更有参与感，并且学
　　生给予的反馈和评价能进一步提高教学表现，另外，流行的老师肯定也具备本科生所需的全部知识，
　　并且有更多的精力和时间在授课上。相反，有突出成就的教授可能更集中在学术研究上而对教学传授
　　知识没有耐心。最后补充其他性格魅力。
　　参考范文
　　Nowadays,whoisabettercoursechoiceforstudentsespeciallyinauniversity,awell-evaluatedprofessor
　　amongstudentsoronerewardedforhisoutstandingresearch?Thiskindoftopicisneveroutoffashion
　　sinceprofessorsplayadeterminingroleintheiryoungfollowers’academicstudy.Frommyperspective,the
　　mostpopularprofessorwillhavemorepracticalhelptomystudy.
　　Firstandforemost,thesewelcomedteachersaremorelikelytoadoptaninnovativeteachingmethodto
　　increasestudents’participation,interestandindependentanalysis.Besides,students’positiveappraisalwillin
　　turnmotivateteacherstofurtherupgradetheirteachingplanandmaterials.Immersedinsuchawell-developed
　　cycleandaharmoniouslearningenvironment,thosefreshmenwillhavemorepersistencetoexplorethemagic
　　ofscience,technologyorartstepbystep.Incontrast,thetraditional“teacher-centered”modemanyother
　　professorsstilltakeastheirprioritymaytreatstudentsaspassivespectators,whichdoesnotcontributetotheir
　　effectivenessofstudy.Therefore,inalongterm,studentswillfeelbored,evenemotionallybiasedagainsttheir
　　majorcourses.
　　Anotherstrongargumentisthatifyouwanttobeapopularprofessor,richknowledgesystemisthebasic
　　requirement.Thisisbecauseformanystudents,oneoftheirbiggestjoyscomesfromchallengingtheir
　　imparters,findingouttheirmistakes.Tosatisfytheseguys,thoseonthestagehavetoprepareeverypossible
　　questioninadvance.Moreover,comparedwiththosegettinganawardoftheirresearch,whomaybeinshort
　　ofthelecturingexperienceorhavelesspatienceorinterestinnextgenerationcultivation,themostpopular
　　professorcouldcontributemoretimeandenergytointeract,givethefeedbackandreflecttheirownteaching
　　process.Eventually,Anotherkeyfactoristhepersonalcharm.Enteringintothecolleges,youngadultswillnot
　　onlylearnacademictheories,butmoreimportantlyreshapetheirownpersonality.Duringthelecturingcourse,
　　theycouldalsogetenlightenmentinotherqualities,suchashumor,innovation,ordedication.
　　Inconclusion,Iamthefirmadvocateofthemostpopularprofessorssincetheyaresuccessfulnotonlyin
　　knowledgeitself,butinteachingmethod,aswellastheirpersonality.